tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35623997017325815222012-02-16T15:08:00.513+03:30Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.comBlogger491100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-1663237009082716822011-03-28T00:32:00.000+04:302011-03-28T00:32:58.351+04:30<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 31px;"><u>مقاله‌ي كامل را مي‌توانيد از لينك انتهاي پست دانلود كنيد.</u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zrn-p30.persiangig.com/omran/roofix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="http://zrn-p30.persiangig.com/omran/roofix.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px; line-height: 31px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">قالب فلزي روفيكس براي اجراي سقفهاي مركب بتني و همچنين ديوار‌هاي يكپارچه مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. از اميازات روفيكس مي‌توان به موارد زير اشاره كرد<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 150%;">سبكي</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 150%;">سرعت </span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 150%;">سهولت در نصب </span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 150%;">صرفه‌ي اقتصادي</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">از جمله مواردي كه باعث شده نسل اول روفيكس بيشتر مورد توجه قرار گيرد. افزايش بازدهي در ساخت و ساز مي‌باشد، همچنين زمانبندي مراحل مختلف در ساخت و ساز متحول شده است. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">نسل دوم روفيكس سيستمي بسيار نوين است كه تا حدي اشكالات موجود در نسل اوليه را برطرف كرده است. در نسل دوم قالب فلزي روفيكس، اتصال بهتر آن به دال بتني و در نتيجه حركت به سمت حذف شبكه ميلگرد اتفاق مي‌افتد كه در نتيجه مي‌تواند صرفه‌جويي چشمگيري را در در مصرف آهن موجب شود.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">روفيكس</span></strong><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 115%;">صفحه فلزي مشبكي است كه داراي هفت ناوداني به شكل</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;">V</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 115%;">و تعداد حداقل 7000 شبكه در هر متر مربع مي‌باشد</span></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">تاريخچه : استفاده از روفيكس سابقه‌اي چهل و پنج ساله در كشورهاي اروپايي دارد. استفاده‌ي اوليه‌ي&nbsp; اين قابل به اين صورت بوده است كه آنرا زير تيرهاي فرعي توسط مفتول فلزي ديگري مي‌بستند. و اين باعث مي‌شد كه به شبكه آرماتور براي نگهداري سقف كاذب وجود نداشته باشد. همين كار صرفه‌جويي در مصرف مصالح و آهن و همچنين سرعت بخشيدن به فرايند را در بر داشت.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">قرار گرفتن روفيكس در زير دال باعث افزايش استحكام سازه مي‌شود. قالب فلزي روفيكس بوسيله قفل شدن با بتن باعث مي‌شود كه تنشهاي ايجاد شده حاصله از بارگذاري به ناوداني‌هاي روفيكس منتقل شوند. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">مشخصات ناوداني‌هاي روفيكس به شرح زير مباشند.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;">هر يك از ناوداني‌هاي روفيكس داراي سطح مقطعي برابر 40 ميليمتر مربع مي‌باشند.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;">فاصله‌ي ناوداني ةا از يكديگر 135 ميليمتر است.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;">در هر متر عرض روفيكس سطح مقطعي فلزي معادل 300 ميليمتر مربع وجود دارد.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;">ناوداني ها بر خلاف ميلگردها - كه به صورت مستقل از يكديگر عمل مي‌كردند- از طريق شبكه‌ي روفليكس به هم متسل بوده و در نتيجه يك سطح يكپارچه‌ي فولادي تشكيل مي‌دهند. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">البته در ايران نتايج آزمايشگاهي نشان مي‌دهند كه بهتر است موقع استفاده از روفيكس نسل اول بهتر است مقدار ميلگرد كاربرده را بخاطر ضريب احتماليدر محاسبات و اجرا كم نكرد.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">از امتيازات روفيكس نسل اول مي‌توان به موارد زير اشاره كرد:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #cccccc;"><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span><span dir="LTR">1</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA">سهولت اجرا</span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="AR-SA">نصب روفيكس نيازي به نيروي ماهر مانند قالب بند ندارد و انجام آن توسط كارگران ساده ساختماني به راحتي امكان پذير مي‌باشد</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="FA">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA">( البته بايد كنترل هاي لازمه توسط مهندس ناظر و مجري انجام گردد)</span><span lang="AR-SA">. همچنین همواره همزمان با قرارگرفتن روفيكس بر روي تيرها، يك شبكه ايمني در زير پاي كارگران گسترده مي‌شود كه وظيفه‌ي تحمل وزن كارگران آرماتور بند و غيره را &nbsp;تا زماني كه آماده بتن ريزي شود، دارد (از سقوط اجسام و افراد بخصوص در هنگام آرماتوربندي سقف ، كاملا جلوگيري مي‌نمايد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>-2</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA">سرعت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA">اجرا<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="AR-SA">سرعت قالب بندي با روفيكس در حدود 800 مترمربع در روز با دو كارگر مي‌باشد. اين نكته قابل توجه است كه با پوشش روفيكس در تمام طبقات ساختمان ،‌مي‌توان كلية طبقات را همزمان بتن ريزي كرد. در ضمن قابليت شكل پذيري روفيكس اين امكان را بوجود مي‌آورد كه فرمهاي پيچيدة معماري را نيز بتوان توسط آن به سهولت قالب بندي كرد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="RTL"></span> همچنين در روشهاي سابق ابتدا تير گذاري يك يا دو طبقه انجام مي‌شد. و بعد از قالب بندي و بتن‌ريزي مرحله‌ي بعدي انجام مي‌شد. همچنين اگر قالبها محدود بود بايد زماني اختصاص داده مي‌شد تا از طبقه‌هاي زيرين آنها جدا شوند و در طبقه‌هاي بالايي بكار گرفته شوند. به علاوه بارش برف و باران سرعت كار را كاهش مي‌داد ولي استفاده از روفيكس باعث مي‌شود كه مشكلات ذكر شده بوجود نيايد و بتوان با سرعت بيشتري نسبت به روشهاي ابتداييه به كار ادامه داد.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>-3</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA">سهولت حمل و نقل ، و حجم ناچيز ضايعات</span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="AR-SA">بر خلاف مصالحي مانند بلوك سفالي و بتني متداول ، بارگيري و حمل روفيكس هيچگونه ضايعاتي ندارد. انبار كردن روفيكس به فضاي كمي نيازمند است بطوري كه يك كاميون به ظرفيت 10 تن قادر است بيش از 2500 متر مربع قالب روفيكس را حمل كند</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"><span dir="LTR"></span>-4</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA">افزايش استحكام سازه</span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: 9.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="AR-SA">قرار گرفتن روفيكس در سطح زيرين دال ، يعني در ناحية حداكثر تنش كششي و قفل شدن بتن در شبكه‌هاي آن ، موجب مي‌شود كه تنش‌ هاي حاصل از بارگذاري به ناوداني‌ها روفيكس منتقل شوند. </span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5-كاهش ضخامت و وزن سقف‌ها<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6- قابليت فرم‌پزيري بي‌نظير براس ساخت فرمهاي پيچيدهو زيبا<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7-عدم نياز به شمع يا جك<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8-ايجاد سقف دوجداره و عايق در برابر صدا.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9-قابليت حمل مسافت‌هاي زياد با صرف حد‌اقل انرژي و هزينه<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10-جلوگيري از پوسيدگي لوله‌ها&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br />مقاله‌ي كامل را ممي‌توانيد از لينك زير دانلود نماييد:<br /><br />PassWord: www.civil1385.blogspot.com<br /><br />دانلود مقاله:&nbsp;<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Faraz_roofix.rar?attredirects=0&amp;d=1">روفيكس</a><br /><br /><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1awGQKD1bQpJ4g--xeL3f3p5p0md_L9a4drHaiFt_oag/edit?hl=en">مشاهده‌ي فايل كامل در اينترنت</a><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small; line-height: 21px;"><img src="http://signatures.mylivesignature.com/85719/faraz6/f9ff2a4eaf700922d49b64689135eb4d.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-166323700908271682?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-68192561881576311062011-03-15T14:14:00.005+03:302011-03-15T15:58:01.411+03:30<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; line-height: 115%;">اين مقاله شامل:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">فهرست:</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خلاصه</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقدمه:</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تاريخچه:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تعاريف</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفي</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ضرورت بكارگيري</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شرح موضوع</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 33.1pt 0cm 0cm;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عوامل موثردرانتخاب ماشين آلات</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 33.1pt 0cm 0cm;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">-</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> اهداف مديريت فني در ماشين‌آلات</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 33.1pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">-جايگاه امور مديريت فني در ماشين آلات </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 33.1pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">جايگاه امور مديريت فني در ماشين آلات </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 33.1pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هزينه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تهيه،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كارگيري</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نگهداري</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين آلات</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 33.1pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بهينه سازي</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">متودولوژي در رابطه با رشته عمران</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مثال </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 16pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دامنه كاربرد و نتايج</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">منابع</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><b>قسمتهايي از اين مقاله در اين پست قرار داده شده است. شما مي‌توانيد مقاله‌ي كامل را از لينك انتهاي پست دانلود نماييد.</b></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/MashinAalat.jpg?attredirects=0&amp;d=1" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/MashinAalat.jpg?attredirects=0&amp;d=1" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خلاصه</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت بر ماشين آلات با مكانيكي شدن كارها در سالهاي اخير بسيار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است بايد توجه داشت كه آنچه به عنوان "مديريت ماشين آلات" در اين مقاله خوانده مي‌شود منظور مديريت بر ماشين آلات كلان است و اين مفهوم با مديريت بر تعداد اندك و محدود ماشين آلات مهندسي متفاوت مي‌باشد. مديريت ماشين آلات به علت پراكندگي وسيع حاصل از بكارگيري ماشين آلات روشهاي متنوعي را مي طلبد. بنابراين وجود يك سيستم كارآمد ، مدرن ، حرفه‌اي و در عين حال مدون نياز است تا بتوان با روشي نو سرمايه هاي كلان را اداره نمود.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سيستم مورد بحث بايد سيستمي باشد كه اطلاعات زير را جمع آوري كرده و با در آميختن اين داده ها راه و روش نوين را در جهت حفظ سرمايه و كسب سودي معقول ارائه نمايد . جهت مديريت بانك ماشين آلات بايستي هميشه بر اطلاعات زير اشراف كامل داشته و با تحليل آنها&nbsp; مسير آينده&nbsp; مشخص نمود. اطلاعات مذكور به اختصار عبارتند از:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي كامل از مشخصات فني و زمان ورود و نحوه‌ي ورود و ارزش زمان ورود ماشين به بانك،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي كاملي از موقعيت فعلي دستگاه ها و نوع كار با آن،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي كامل از چگونگي و سير تعميرات جزيي و اساسي دستگاه و هزينه هاي مترتب بر آن تا زمان حال،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي كامل از چگونگي سرويس هاي نوبتي كه بر روي ماشين انجام مي شود،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي كامل از مدت كاركرد راننده هاي مختلف كه ماشين آلات را هدايت مي نمايند،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي از بازديد هاي فني دوره اي از ماشين و اظهار نظرهاي درج شده كارشناسان،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي از ساعات كاركرد ماهيانه‌ي ماشين آلات،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي از درآمدهاي ماهيانه‌ي ماشين آلات،</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">9-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعاتي تحليلي از وضعيت كلي دستگاه و تناسب درآمد و هزينه هاي دستگاه ها در يكسال توسط كارشناسان.</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشتن اطلاعات فوق مستلزم وجود سيستم اطلاعاتي استانداردي است كه براي اطلاع از عملكرد و ظرفيت هاي نرمال و بهينه‌ي دستگاه هاي مختلف و مقايسه‌ي اطلاعات اخذ شده با سيستم هاي نرمال و در نتيجه ارزيابي دقيق عملكردها بكار مي‌رود.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">براي رسيدن به نتايج مطلوب و سريع بايد سيستم اطلاعاتي فوق را دسته بندي نمود. تجربه ثابت نموده است كه جهت مديريت بر سيستم مطرح شده تفكيك موضوعات فوق به دو دسته‌ي سرويس دهنده و كارگير به صورتي كه عملكرد آنها باعث سرويس دهي و كنترل يكديگر باشد بسيار ايده‌آل خواهد بود. به طور كلي مديدريت ماشين آلات را مي توان به صورت زير ترسيم نمود</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقدمه:</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">موضوع مورد بررسي در اين مقاله موضوعي است كه قبلا توسط مهندسين مختلفي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. نشريه شماره 449 كه توسط&nbsp; شركت مهندسين مشاور مهاب قدس با همكاري آقايان مهندس احسان فرصت كار&nbsp; و مهندس مجيد پرچمي جلال و مهندس يوسف فروزانفر با عنوان "مديريت بهره‌برداري ماشين آلات عمراني"&nbsp; در سال 1388&nbsp;&nbsp; تكميل و چاپ گرديده است به بررسي مديريت ماشين آلات و روشهاي اجرايي و ... مي‌پردازد.&nbsp; همچنين دكتر حسن صادقي و مهندس سيد محمود علمايي در كتاب "اصول مديريت ساخت" به بررسي اهميت مديريت ماشين آلات و چگونگي انجام مديريت پرداخته‌اند. در اين مقاله تلاش شده است با استفاده از مراجع گوناگون مطلبي كامل در مورد " مديريت ماشين آلات، تعميرات، نگهداري و مديريت بهينه سازي در طرحهاي مهندسي عمران" ارائه گردد.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تاريخچه:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سیر تحولات و تغییرات در نگهداری و تعمیرات را از سال 1930 تا كنون مي‌توان به</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سه دوره اساسی تقسیم نمود :</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سیر تحولات در دوره اول:</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تحقیقات نشان میدهد که تحول اولیه در "نگهداري و تعميرات" در سالهای قبل از جنگ جهانی دوم رخ داده است.&nbsp; مسلما در گذشته صنايع به شكل امروزي مكانيزه نبوده و در نتيجه خرابیها</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و يا توقفات ناگهانی ماشین آلات مشکل جدی را برای مهندسين ایجاد نمی نمود. بنابراين، جلوگیری از بروز عیب در ذهن اکثر مدیران و مهندسین مفهوم نداشته و یا حداقل ضرورتی از این نظر احساس نمیگردید. همچنين در گذشته ماشین آلات و تجهیزات از طرح نسبتا ساده ای برخوردار بوده‌اند. به اين ترنيب كار با آنها راحت‌تر، انتخابشان براي مير پروژه آسانتر و همچنين تعميرشان نيز راحت‌تر بوده است. بنابراين در كارگاه تا وسيله‌اي از كار نمي‌افتد كار بازبيني آن اغاز نمي‌شد و "نگهداري و تعميرات" به هيچ‌وجه مطرح نبود. در واقع سیستم نگهداری و تعمیرات به هنگام از کارافتادگی و یا</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">BM</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Breakdown Maintenance</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">) معمول بود.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سیر تحولات در دوره دوم</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">:</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين دوره مربوط به بعد از جنگ جهاني دوم مي‌گردد. فشار های ناشی از زمان جنگ تقاضا برای انواع محصولات را افزایش داده و این درحالی بود که تامین نیروی انسانی صنایع بشدت کاهش پیدا نمود. اين امر باعث شد مکانیزاسیون افزایش چشمگيري پیدا كند. </span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تقریبا</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سال 1950 سال رونق طراحی و ساخت ماشین آلات مکانیزه بوده و این ایام را میتوان سرآغاز وابستگی صنایع به تجهیزات مکانیزه و اتوماسیون دانست.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با بيشتر شدن اتوماتيك كارها</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مساله شکست و از کارافتادگی ماشین آلات&nbsp; اهمیت بیشتری پيدا كرد. بطوريكه پس از گذشت زماني روند افزایش خرابیها به گونه ای شد که کمیت و کیفیت تولیدات را تحت شعاع خود قرار داد و در نتيجه اسباب نارضایتی صاحبان صنایع را فراهم نمود.&nbsp; بنابراين مدیران و کارشناسان به فکر راه حلی مناسب برای جلوگیری از روند رو به رشد خرابيها افتادند.&nbsp; در این رهگذر سیستم نگهداری و تعمیرات پیشگیرانه یا</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">PM</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Preventive Maintenance</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">) بعنوان چاره درد و راه حلی مناسب در کشور امریکا پیشنهاد و به اجرا </span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">درآمد.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> و اين سيستم با گذشت زمان رايج گرديد.</span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در طول دهه 1950</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"نگهداري و تعمريات پیشگیرانه"</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به تدریج تکامل یافته تا پاسخگوی نیازهای جدید صنعت باشد در این راستا سیستم نگهداری و تعمیرات بهره ور (</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Productive Maintenance</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">) در سال 1954 به صنایع آمریکا معرفی گردید0 در این سیستم با بهره گیری مناسب از علوم و امار و احتمالات و پژوهش عملیاتی ، شبیه سازی ، اقتصاد مهندسی ، تئوری صف و نگرش های تحلیلی ، تکنیکها و مدلهایی برای حالات مختلف انواع دستگاهها و تجهیزات ابداع شد که متخصصین این رشته می توانستند کلیه فعالیتها و عملیات نگهداری و تعمیرات را به نظم درآورده ، خرابیها را پیش بینی نموده تا جهت نگهداری و تعمیر آنها برنامه ریزی نمایند.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دهه 1960 را میتوان دهه گسترش استفاده از</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"نگهداري و تعميرات" بهره ور در صنایع نامید </span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفی سیستم نگهداری و تعمیرات بهره ور فراگیر یا</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TPM</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Total Productive Maintenance</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">) در دهه 1970 از سوی صنایع ژاپنی را میتوان بعنوان آخرین دستاورد در دوره دوم</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تحولات نگهداری و تعمیرات نامید در اين سيستم اپراتورها خودشان به امور اصلی و اولیه نگهداری و تعمیرات ماشینهای خودشان میپردازند. </span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سیر تحولات در دوره سوم</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">:</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بخاطر دو دليل زير</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1- افزایش سرمایه گذاری برروی ماشین آلات صنعتی و اتوماسیون</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2- افزایش ارزش مالی و اقتصادی انها </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مدیران و صاحبان صنایع به فکر راه کارهایی منطقی افتادند که قادر به بیشینه سازی طول عمر مفید تجهیزات تولیدی خویش و طولانی کردن چرخه عمر اقتصادی آنها باشند. افزایش میزان اثربخشی ماشین آلات ، بهبود کیفیت محصولات در کنار کاهش هزینه های "نگهداري و تعميرات" و عدم خسارت به محیط زیست از جمله مواردی بود که باعث ایجاد تحولی جدید در زمینه نگهداری و تعمیرات گردید</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دست آوردهای جدید نت (نگهداري و تعميرات) در این دوره عبارتند از :</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفی سیستم نگهداری و تعمیرات برپایه شرایط کارکرد ماشین آلات</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و ترویج استفاده از روشهای</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">CM</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">همچون آنالیز لرزش ، حرارت سنجی و</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">...</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفی و بکارگیری انواع روشهای تجزیه و تحلیل خرابیهای ماشین آلات</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">طراحی تجهیزات با تاکید بیشتر برقابلیت اطمینان و قابلیت تعمیر</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تحول اساسی در تفکر سازمانی به سمت مشارکت و گروههای کاری</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفی سیستم نگهداری و تعمیرات موثر</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفی روش نت مبتنی بر قابلیت اطمینان</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> بعنوان روشی جامع</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">جهت تصمیم گیری در استفاده صحیح از انواع سیستمهای نگهداری و تعمیرات موجود 0</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">RCM </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: initial; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">فرایندی است که اولا معین می کند چه کاری می بایست برای تداوم عمر هرگونه سرمایه فیزیکی انجام شود ، ثانیا انتظارتی را که کاربران از تجهیزات دارند ضمانت و عملی می نماید.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تعاريف</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1- ماشين آلات: </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">وسايل و تجهيزات مكانيكي كه براي انجام پروژه و حصول پيشرفت در پروژه بكار گرفته مي‌شوند.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2- مديريت ماشين آلات: </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مناسبترين ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات براي پروژه،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كه انجام آن به عهده‌ي </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديران</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است. و همچنين تعميرات و نگهداري ماشين‌آلات.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3- تروتكنولوژي:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> مجموع فعاليتهايي كه در طراحي يك سيستم بتوانند پاسخگوي دو سؤال زير باشند:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تجهيزات چگونه طراحي و توليد مي‌شوندكه عمر اقتصادي بيشتري داشته باشند و بتوان به راحتي و با هزينه‌ي كم آنها را نگهداري و تعمير نمود.</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="rtl" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در دوران بهره‌برداري از تجهيزات چگونه عمل شود تا تجهيزات دچار خرابي كمتري شده و سرعت فرسودگي آنها از نظر اقتصادي مورد قبول بوده و نيز قابل كنترل باشد.</span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>4- بازدهي:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> تعريف</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">علمي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بازدهي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عبارت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نسبت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقدار</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كار</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انج</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ام</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توسط</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقدار</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كار</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">قابل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انجام</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توسط</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آن</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> . </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توجه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين تعريف،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بازدهي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هميشه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عددي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> 0 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> 1 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">صورتي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">درصد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نشان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> 0% </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> 100 % </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">باشد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5- نت:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> منظور عبارت نگهداري و تهيه است. اصطلاح نت&nbsp; خلاصه‌ي دو كلمه‌ي "نگهداري و تعميرات" مي‌باشد </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6- مقاومت</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><b><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span></b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شيب: </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سطوح</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شيب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دار</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اثر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سربالايي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ها</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">يا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سرپاييني</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ها،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقاومت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">برابر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">حركت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بيشتر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقاومت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اضافه،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقاومت شيب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ناميده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7- ماشين آلات دست بالا:</span></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> در اين حالت تمام ظرفيتهاي ماشين آلات در مرحله ساخت مورد استفاده قرار نمي گيرند. ماشين هايي براي پروژه انتخاب شده‌اند كه تكنولوژي فراتر از تكنولوژي مورد استفاده براي پروژه دارند، و يا حجمي از ماشينها &nbsp;براي پروژه انتخاب شده است كه بسيار از حجم مورد نياز پروژه بيشتر است، و با حجم كمتر از ماشينها و يا ماشينهايي با تكنولوژي ضعيفتر پروژه با راندمان بالاتري انجام مي‌شد.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8- ماشين آلات دست پايين:</span></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> در اين حالت ماشين آلات انتخابي پاسخگوي نيازهاي مهنسين پروژه نيستند. </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">9-</span></span></b></span><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> استهلاك:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عبارت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كاهش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ارزش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دليل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">استفاده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كارگاه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">يا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">گذشت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">زمان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اريخ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توليد ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">معرفي</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">امروزه سه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقوله</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">فن</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آوري</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اجرا، با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توجه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">حجم</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بالاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي مهندسي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بيش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيشرفت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كرده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هنوز</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نيز</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">احتياج به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيشرفت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دارند. با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بالا رفتن</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">حجم</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پرو</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ها،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مقوله‌ي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داراي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شاخه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">گسترده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">زيرا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كدام</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از بخش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مختلف</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">احتياج</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تخصص</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ويژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خاص</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دارديكي از شاخه‌هاي علم مديريت كه در اين مقال نيز به آن پرداخته مي‌شود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمراني</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت ماشين آلات عمراني امروزه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمراني</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">جايگاه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ويژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">را</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيدا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كرده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> . </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">يكي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">قابليت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">علم</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين‌آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توجه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به شرايط موجود، نيازهاي موجود، همچنين خواسته‌ها و در نظر گرفتن عواملي مانند هزينه‌ها مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تواند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="rtl"></span>&nbsp;در انتخاب بهترين و مناسبترين ماشين آلات به مهندسين ياري برساند.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بايد در نظر داشت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">صحيح</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">علاوه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اجراي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">صحيح</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ما</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كمك</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديريت ساده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نيز</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">همچنين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بتوانيم داشته</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">باشيم</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سوي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ديگر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نادرست</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مشكلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ما اضافه خواهد كرد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> . </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب منناسب ماشين آلات صورت نمي‌گيرد مگر با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شناخت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">دقيق</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عوامل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">موثر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آن، مهندسين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توجه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آن عوامل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اطلاع</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">صحيح</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين‌آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">موجود،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين‌آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مورد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نظرخود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">را</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي‌كنند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ضرورت بكارگيري</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">امروزه نقش ماشين آلات مهندسي در پروژه‌هاي عمراني بسيار زياد شده است به طوريكه به جرات مي‌توان گفت تقريباً</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هيچ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمراني</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">را</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نمي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">يافت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كه بدون</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">استفاده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">قابل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اجرا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">باشد. دلايل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">استفاده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمراني،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اجراي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">صحيح</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كار</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سرعت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">زياد پيشرفت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هزينه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پايين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نهفته</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> . </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">علاوه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">امروزه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كمك</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بزرگ</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">را</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مدت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">زمان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كمي اجرا</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كرد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">امكان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پذير</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نبود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> . </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">برخي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مشكلاتي كه در حين اجراي پروژه مشخص مي‌شوند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">منجر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">توليد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي ويژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سفارشي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">براي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انجام</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">برخي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمليات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خاص</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شده‌اند كه اين خود نشان مي‌دهد كه روند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">موجود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ها</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">سمت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">استفاده</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">چه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بيشتر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمليات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اجرايي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">رود</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ميان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بخش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مهمي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">از</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مراحل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اوليه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">يك</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه مي‌باشد، كه انجام آن به عهده‌ي </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مديران</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">است. انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نادرست ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات،</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيامدهاي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ناخوشايندي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مانند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">افزايش</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">زمان</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هزينه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كيفيت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نامطلوب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">اجراي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">را</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">در</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خواهد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">داشت. اما انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">صحيح</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پيشرفت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كيفيت</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">و</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">حداقل</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نمودن</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هزينه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ها</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">كمك</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شاياني</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">خواهد</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نمود. روند</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">انتخاب</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ماشين</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">آلات براي</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هر</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نوع</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">پروژه</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عمراني</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">موارد زيادي وابسته است كه در طول اين مقاله به اين موارد پرداخته شده است.&nbsp;</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><div style="text-align: right;"><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">شرح موضوع</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">با توجه به شرايط مختلف اجراي پروژه‌هاي مهندسي و با توجه به عملكردهاي گسترده‌ي ماشين آلات براي انتخاب و مديريت صحيح ابتدا بايد عواملي كه در انتخاب ماشين آلات مؤثر هستند را به صورت كامل شناخت و مورد بررسي قرار داد. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">عوامل موثردرانتخاب ماشين آلات</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">به طور كلي مي‌توان عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب ماشين آلات را به دسته‌هاي زير تقسيم بندي كرد:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1-بازدهي ماشين آلات</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2- مشخصات فني پروژه</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>-3 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">نوع كار</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>-4 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">حجم كار</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>-5 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">تكنولوژي به كاررفته براي انجام كار</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>-6 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">مدت زمان پروژه</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span dir="ltr"></span></b></span><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>-7 </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">بودجه پروژه</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="ltr"></span>-8 </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">هزينه ها</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">.....</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; font-size: 12pt;">مقاله‌ي كامل را مي‌توانيد از لينك زير دانلود كنيد:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; font-size: 12pt;">پسورد: &nbsp; &nbsp;www.civil1385.blogspot.com</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Final.rar?attredirects=0&amp;d=1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">دانلود مقاله‌ي كامل</span></a></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span><br /><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vrlhhQrBP4EpftMdZy-H-onRyyjtWVzCPCsm2SpDymI/edit?hl=en"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">مشاهده‌ي فايل كامل در اينترنت</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span> </span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><a href="https://docs.google.com/present/edit?id=0ASzqvrQnZaLVZGdoY3NkYzdfMHY3YmdramRq&amp;hl=en"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">مشاهده ي خلاصه‌ي مقاله (Ppt)</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font: normal normal normal small/21px 'Times New Roman';"><img src="http://signatures.mylivesignature.com/85719/faraz6/f9ff2a4eaf700922d49b64689135eb4d.png" style="border-bottom: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-left: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></span></div><br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-6819256188157631106?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-31821205459387716352011-01-23T20:03:00.003+03:302011-01-23T20:09:08.173+03:30<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">عكس‌هاي زير مربوط به بازديدي يك روزه از پروژه‌هاي عسلويه مي‌باشد كه توسط دانشگاه سراسري گيلان براي دانشجويان رشته‌هاي عمران، معماري، شيمي و مكانيك اين دانشگاه ترتيب داده شد.</div>در پستهاي بعد يك گزارش كوتاه نيز درمورد پروژه‌هاي عسلويه در اين وبلاگ قرار داده خواهد شد.<br />تمامي عكسها داراي مجوز مي‌باشند و براي عكسبرداري با مسئولين قسمتهاي مختلف هماهنگي به عمل آمده است.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/01.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/01.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/02.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/02.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/03.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/03.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/04.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/04.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/05.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/05.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/06.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/06.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/07.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/07.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/08.JPG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" s5="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/08.JPG?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: separate; color: black; font: small &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"><img src="http://signatures.mylivesignature.com/85719/faraz6/f9ff2a4eaf700922d49b64689135eb4d.png" style="border-bottom: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-left: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-3182120545938771635?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-1423645147659997552010-12-12T23:31:00.003+03:302011-01-23T20:31:26.798+03:30<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"><div align="right" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">خلاصه‌ي مقاله‌ي "آلودگي ناشي از آفت‌كشها" در زير قابل رؤيت است. مقاله‌ي كامل را مي‌توانيد از لينك انتهاي پست دانلود كنيد.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/pesticides.jpg?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" n4="true" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/pesticides.jpg?attredirects=0" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: right;">مقدمه </div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">بيشتر از صدها سال است كه بشر با حشرات مزاحم مبارزه مي‌كند. حتي اسنادي موجود است كه نشان مي‌دهد سومريان در 2500 سال قبل از ميلاد با حشرات مزاحم مبارزه مي کردند. عبارت "حشره کش" كه واژه‌ي لاتين آن pesticide مي‌باشد. به مواد شیمیایی اطلاق مي‌شود که برای از نابود كردن و یا کنترل حشرات و يا آفتها مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. در کشاورزی این موارد شامل : علف های هرزه ، حشرات ،قارچ‌هاي زيان آور ، جوندگان می باشند. {1}</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">تاريخچه</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">در سال هاي 1750 تا 1800 در كشورهاي اروپايي انقلاب بزرگي در زمينه‌ي کشاورزي بر پا گرديد و لزوم محافظت از غلات و تجارت آن ها درك شد. اين امر خود موجب کشف حشره کش هاي گياهي پيرتروم و دريس شد. اما کاربرد نوع ساختگي اين سموم در پايان جنگ جهاني دوم گسترش زيادي پيدا مي کند. امروزه استفاده از آن در کشورهاي مختلف توسعه يافته است. اولين دسته‌ي حشره کش ها ترکيباتي بودند سمي، همچون ارسنيک و سيانيد هيدروژن. که استفاده از آن ها به دليل غير مؤثر بودن و يا سميت فوق العاده و در تنيجه خطرناك بودن براي سلامت انسانها متروک گرديد. دومين دسته از حشره کش‌ها، عموماً بيشتر سنتزي و ارگانيک بودند. [1]</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">عامل اساسی برای انقلاب سبز پيشرفت و توسعه‌ي آفت‌كشها براي كنترل طيف گسترده‌اي از آفات و حشرات كه موجب كاهش كمّي و كيفي توليد مواد غذايي مي‌شوند بوده است. استفاده از حشره‌كشها مصادف است با "سن مواد شيميايي" كه از سال 1950 جامعه بشري را دچار تغيير كرده است. در زمين‌هاي کشاورزی استفاده از آفت کش ها و يا حشره کش ها به عنوان یک راه حل استاندارد برای کنترل آفات و حشرات در نظر گرفته می شد. متاسفانه علي رغم تمام منافعي كه حشره‌ كشها دارند مضراتي نيز به همراه دارند. بعضي از اين مضرات به حدي جدي هستند كه مي‌توانند تهديدي دراز مدت براي اكوسيستم به حساب بيايند. اخلال در چرخه‌ي روابط شكارچي-طعمه حيوانات، و از دست رفتن تنوع زيستي از اين مضرات است. همچنين آفت كشها مي‌توانند به سلامت انسانها صدمه بزنند. اگر چه در علم كشاورزي استفاده از مواد شيميايي محدود شده است به تعدادي از تركيبات، ولي كشاورزي يكي از معدود فعاليتهايي است كه در آن مواد شيميايي عمدا منتشر و وارد طبيعت مي‌شوند چون موجب كشته شدن آفات مي‌گردد. موسسه شیمی آمریکا اعلام داشته است كه در سال 1993 حدود 13 میلیون ماده‌ي شیمیایی موجود بوده و از آن به بعد درحدود 500000 ترکیب جدید سالیانه به آن اضافه می شود. کمیسیون بین المللی joint با بررسی دریاچه های بزرگ شمال آمریکا تخمین زده است که بیش از 200 ماده شیمیایی نامناسب در آب و رسوبات دریاچه های مذکور يافت مي‌شود.[2]</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">آلودگی های آفت کش ها </div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">اثرات آفتكش ها :</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">آفتكش‌ها اثرات گوناگوني روي انسان و زمينهاي كشاورزي و اكوسيستمها دارند. به صورت كلي مي‌توان اثرات آنها را به صورت جداگانه در مباحث زير بررسي كرد:</div><div style="text-align: right;"></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">1- اثرات آفتكش‌ها بر روي آبها و محيط زيست</div><div style="text-align: right;">2-اثرات آفتكش ها روي انسان </div><div style="text-align: right;">3- اثرات آفت كش ها روي اكوسيستم ها</div><div style="text-align: right;">4- تاثير بقاياي سموم روي صادرات محصولات كشاورزي</div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;">در زير به اختصار هر مورد را مورد بررسي قرار مي‌دهيم.</div><br /><div>&nbsp;.............</div><br /><div>دانلود مقاله‌ي كامل از لينك زير امكان‌پذير است.</div><br /><div></div>PassWord: www.civil1385.blogspot.com<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/FarazMasumian-Pesticide.rar?attredirects=0&amp;d=1">مقاله‌ي فراز معصوميان - دانشجوي عمران دانشگاه BIHE</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: separate; color: black; font: small &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; text-align: center;"><img src="http://signatures.mylivesignature.com/85719/faraz6/f9ff2a4eaf700922d49b64689135eb4d.png" style="border-bottom: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-left: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-142364514765999755?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-69241026089564531912010-12-09T17:59:00.001+03:302011-01-23T20:34:24.763+03:30<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">اين مقاله به صورت اجمالي به بررسي سيستم دو عاملي و سيستم سه عاملي در انجام پروژه‌هاي عمراني و همچنين مقايسه‌ي اين دو روش با يكديگر مي‌پردازد. براي مشاهده‌ي جداول تهيه شده و همچنين نسخه‌ي كامل مقاله مي‌توانيد آنرا از لينك&nbsp;انتهاي مقاله&nbsp;دانلود كنيد.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">&nbsp;پروژه سه عاملی</span><br /><br />اساس روش اجرای پروژه‌ها در نظام سه عاملی با حضور سه بازیگر اصلی يعني کارفرما، مشاور و پیمانکار است. روش سه عاملي متداولترين روشهاي انجام كار است. مراحل اجراي كار در اين سيستم به اينگونه است كه ابتدا کارفرما با دو قرارداد جداگانه و در دو زمان متفاوت با هر یک از عوامل پروژه یعنی مشاور و پیمانکار قرارداد منعقد می‌نماید. <br /><br />در این روش ابتدا کارفرما برای انجام خدمات مهندسی پروژه، با مشاور قرارداد مي‌بندد. مشاور انجام کلیه مراحل مهندسی پروژه شامل مطالعه پیدایش طرح، مطالعه امکان‌سنجی پروژه مطالعات پایه و مطالعات تفضیلی را انجام مي‌دهد. پس از تهیه اسناد و مدارک مناقصه، پیمانکار به عنوان عامل بخش اجرا انتخاب می‌شود. پیمانکار بر اساس روش مناقصه‌گزاری یا روش‌های دیگر انتخاب و با قرارداد جداگانه‌ای با کارفرما اجرای پروژه را به عهده خواهد گرفت. در حين انجام پروژه نيز مهندس مشاور به عنوان کنترل‌کننده عملیات پروژه و یا حسب نیاز در تغییر در مبانی طراحی پروژه در کنار کارفرما و پیمانکار انجام وظیفه می‌نماید.<br /><br />بنابر اين طي اين روش كارفرما انجام تمام فعاليتهاي مربوط به اجراي عمليات را به واحدي به نام پيمانكار مي‌سپارد. و بنابراين پيمانكار مي‌تواند خود پيشنهادي براي قيمت اجراي كار بدهد. همچنين تامين وسايل و امكانات مورد نياز براي انجام پروژه و راه‌اندازي و تحويل پروژه بر عهده‌ي خود پيمانكار خواهد بود.بايد در نظر داشت كه در اين سيستم كارفرما به عنوان عامل اصلي تامين كننده منابع مالي پروژه مي‌باشد و همانطور كه گفته شد مشاور مسئوليت مطالعات اوليه و طراحي را بر عهده دارد. و پس از اتمام طراحي انجام پروژه به پيمانكار مناسب واگذار مي‌شود.<br /><br />در كشور ايران نظام مورد استفاده عمدتاٌ به همين صورت بوده است که در حال حاضر مطابق سیاستهای دولت اخیراٌ به سمت اجرای پروژه به روش دو عاملی طرح و ساخت سوق یافته است.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">پروژه های طرح یا اجراء:</span><br /><br />در چنین پروژه هایی تمام فعالیت های لازم برای اجرای پروژه از مرحله طراحی ومهندسی تا تدارکات وساخت نهایی بر عهده یک پیمانکار گذاشته میشود. دراین روش میزان مداخله کارفرما بر روی فعالیت های پیمانکار محدود بوده و پیمانکار اختیارات بیشتری نسبت به حالت قبل برای انتخاب روش ها در مراحل مختلف پروژه دارد. در پروژه های EPC می بایست در ابتدای کار مطالعات اولیه پروژه همراه با طراحی محتوایی انجام شده باشد. زيرا اگر انچام نگرفته باشد ارائه قیمت در فرصت محدود برگزاری مناقصه میسر نمی شود. در اين سيستم احتياج به پيمانكاري توانمند است تا بتواند مسئوليتهاي يك پيمانكار عمومي و يك مشاور طراح را انجام دهد. همچنين نیازی نیست که ابتدا مشاور مراحل طراحی را به اتمام برساند سپس مرحله اجرا توسط پیمانکار آغاز گردد.<br /><br />سيستم EPC احتياج به يكسري زير‌ساختها براي موفقيت دارد، و در صورتي كه اين زير ساختها وجود نداشته باشد استفاده از اين سيستم مطلوب نخواهد بود. زیرساختهای مورد نیاز جهت موفقیت روش EPC و سایر روشهای نوین مدیریتی برای اجراء پروژه ها ، در برگیرنده زیرساختهای آموزشی ، مدیریتی ، اقتصادی و ... بوده و كاستي و ضعف هریک از این عامل ها میتواند مشكلاتي براي موفقیت طرح بوجود آورد. در نتيجه می بایست زمینه آشنایی مدیران و کارشناسان با روش های علمی و نوین مدیریتی فراهم گردیده و پیمانکاران موجود با تقویت توان مهندسی خود قادر باشند تا بدون دخالت سایر مشاورین ،پروژه‌ها را با کیفیت مطلوب اجراء نمایند .<br />.....<br /><br />مقاله‌ي كامل را از لينك زير دانلود كنيد. <br /><br /><br /><br />PassWord: www.civil1385.blogspot.com<br /><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/FarazMasumian.dot.rar?attredirects=0&amp;d=1">دانلود فايل</a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: separate; color: black; font: small &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; text-align: center;"><img src="http://signatures.mylivesignature.com/85719/faraz6/f9ff2a4eaf700922d49b64689135eb4d.png" style="border-bottom: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-left: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-right: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; border-top: rgb(187,187,187) 0px solid; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-6924102608956453191?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-31363782480069395592010-11-29T13:17:00.005+03:302010-11-29T14:07:39.781+03:30<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b>در پستهاي قبلي مقاله‌اي تحت عنوان "آلودگي حرارتي" در اين وبلاگ قرار داده شد. مقاله‌ي زير تحقيقي است كه در سال 89 در اين مورد انجام شده است. خلاصه‌اي از مقاله در زير موجود است و شما مي‌توانيد مقاله‌ي كامل را از لينك انتهاي پست دانلود كنيد.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://8361768303556581244-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Thermal2.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7criER-OF8tJz6xYkgf-ejAlJrBa3yiC-X6JOir0CFeZRXzpjIw_g7NZLf5svh9ZRX440EQkdLtiVCW2LEQJjq7IDnp0d1NYZhptCq9DOe_hpPQU8aNRcOQBqP7aNdFaGuT4NeynU4qCkd8WKb1Ub8pCcuILYvsZRqTu3wLfNT1B5WgXABYMrXYmHqxZ4aEfz9k4_7gfwto63pq98gRT2KmRLXx9Dw%3D%3D&amp;attredirects=0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="300" src="https://8361768303556581244-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Thermal2.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7criER-OF8tJz6xYkgf-ejAlJrBa3yiC-X6JOir0CFeZRXzpjIw_g7NZLf5svh9ZRX440EQkdLtiVCW2LEQJjq7IDnp0d1NYZhptCq9DOe_hpPQU8aNRcOQBqP7aNdFaGuT4NeynU4qCkd8WKb1Ub8pCcuILYvsZRqTu3wLfNT1B5WgXABYMrXYmHqxZ4aEfz9k4_7gfwto63pq98gRT2KmRLXx9Dw%3D%3D&amp;attredirects=0" width="400" /></b></a></div><b><br /></b><br /><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">آلودگي حرارتي چيست؟<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b> </span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b> </span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>يكي از مهمترين مشكلاتي كه امروزه طبيعت با آن دست و پنجه نرم مي‌كند آلودگي حرارتي است. اين نوع آلودگي امروزه تبديل به یکی از مهم ترین و گسترده ترین نوع آلودگی ها شده است. </b></span></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آلودگی حرارتي آب مي‌تواند از طریق عملیات صنعتی در آب رودخانه ها ایجاد شود، اين فعاليتها در نهايت به </b></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>افزايش </b></span></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>دماي آب مي‌انجامد، كه اين خود مي‌تواند موجب تغييرات نامناسب در چرخه‌ي زندگي گياهان آبزي و يا ديگر جانوراني كه در آن محيط زندگي مي‌كنند، شود. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>براي درك بهتر خطرت ناشي از آلودگي حرارتي مي‌توان به اثر يك نيروگاه برق اشاره كرد. يك نيروگاه اتمي توليد برق جهت سيستمهاي خنك كننده‌ي خود به مقدار زيادي آب احتياج دارد و به طور متوسط درجه حرارت 40 متر مكعب آب را تا 10 درجه سانتيگراد افزايش مي‌دهد. اين تغييرات مي‌تواند باعث به خطر افتادن زندگي بسياري از آبزيان و همچنين كوچ و جابجايي موجودات آبزي و نهايتا به هم ريختن چرخه‌ي اكوسيستم شود.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> [1]</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span></b></span><span lang="FA" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span>،</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>&nbsp;[2]<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b> </span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b> </span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span lang="FA" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">تاثيرات بالا رفتن درجه حرارت آب<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.95pt;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>دماي آب يكي از حياتي‌ترين موارد براي موجودات آبزي مي‌باشد. بطوريكه اكثر آنها در دماهاي خاصي قادر به زندگي كردن مي‌باشند و بنابراين با تغييرات دماي آب زندگي بسياري از موجودات آبزي بخطر مي‌افتد. يكي از تاثيرات سوئي كه بالا رفتن درجه‌ حرارت آب مي‌گذارد عبارت است از كاهش ميزان انحلال اكسيژن در آب. بالا رفتن دماي آب همچنين باعث ايجاد جلبک‌هائی می‌شود که ضمن ایجاد بو و مزه غیر طبیعی آب ، اکسیژن آب را مصرف کرده و باعث کاهش میزان آن و بروز صدمات و تلفات به آبزیان می‌شود. </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>بالا</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>رفتن دماي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آب همچنين</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>باعث</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>افزايش</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>فعاليت</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>باكتري</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>هاي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>هوازي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>موجود</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>در</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آب</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>مي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>شود، بنابراين</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>اين موجودات نيز</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>به</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>عنوان</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>رقيب ماهي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ها</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>در</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>جذب</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>اكسيژن اضافه مي‌شوند، و باعث مي‌شوند كه ماهي ها در بدست آوردن اكسيژن با مشكل روبرو شوند. از ديگر مسائلي كه مي‌توان به آن اشاره كرد عبارتست از بالا رفتن دماي بدن</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ماهي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ها در اثر گرم شدن آب</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>كه در نتيجه بر</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ميزان</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>سوخت</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>و ساز</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>بدن</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آن</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ها</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>افزوده</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ميشود،</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>كه اين خود باعث مي‌شود كه</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>مصرف</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>غذاي</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آن</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ها</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>و</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>همين</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>طور</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>نياز</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آن</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ها</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>به</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>اكسيژن</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>نيز</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> </b></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>بيشتر شود</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span>.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span></b></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span> .</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> [3] </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span>،</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span>[2]</b></span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.95pt;"><span lang="FA"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>به عنوان نمونه تاثيرات گرم شدن آبها مي‌توان به تحقيقات انجام شده روي ماهي ها اشاره كرد. تحقيقات انجام شده نشان مي‌دهد كه ماهي‌هاي غزل آلا فقط در دماهاي خاصي مي‌توانند زنده بمانند و با گرم شدن محيط زندگي خود مجبور به كوچ به مناطق خنكتر مي‌شوند، همچنين </b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #1a1010;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>یکی از تاثیرات آلودگی حرارتی پدیده مرگ و یا بی‌رنگ شدن مرجان‌ها است. بر اساس تحقیقات انجام شده مشخص شد در منطقه خارک که میانگین دمای آن دو تا سه درجه کمتر از دیگر مناطق خلیج فارس است پدیده سفید شدن مرجان‌ها رخ نداده است.</b></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> [4]</b></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>بنابراين با افزایش دمای آب موجودات زنده‌ براي ادامه حيات خود ناچار به كوچ و تغيير مكان زندگي خود مي‌شوند. در نتيجه بسياري از آنها از جمله ماهي ها به مناطق خنكتر سفر مي‌كنند. ولي بعضي از آبزيان مانند گياهان دريايي و يا مرجانها كه قادر به حركت نيستند، بر اثر بالا رفتن دماي آب ديگر قادر به زندگي نيستند و خواهند مرد.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>&nbsp;دانستن اين نكته مهم است كه تغييرات درجه‌ي حرارتي آب به اندازه ‌ي يك يا دو درجه مي‌تواند تاثيرات بزرگي درسوخت و ساز بدن آبزيان بگذارد. اين تاثير مي‌تواند موجب صدمه زدن به ديواره‌هاي سلولي و در نتيجه اثر گذاشتن روي باروري و همچنين مرگ و مير آبزيان شود.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>آلودگي حرارتي مي‌تواند براي آبزياني كه مي‌توانند در دماهاي بالاتر نيز زنده بمانند مشكلاتي را بوجود مي‌آورد. مرگ و مير گیاهان و ديگر موجودات آبزی موجود در آبها و همچنين تجزيه شدن بدن آنها مي‌تواند فضاي آب را آلوده كرده و زندگي ماهي‌ها و ديگر موجودات زنده كه مي‌توانند در دماهاي بالاتر نيز زنده بمانند را در خطر بيندازد.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span> [3] </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span>،</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span dir="LTR"></span>[2]</b></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b> </span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">مقاله‌ي كامل را از لينك زير مي‌توانيد دانلود كنيد</span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 18.95pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="text-indent: 25px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/ThermalPollution.rar?attredirects=0&amp;d=1">آلودگي حرارتي</a></span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">PassWord: www.civil1385.blogspot.com</div><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-3136378248006939559?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-29698761312909300362010-10-09T23:02:00.002+03:302010-10-09T23:06:14.479+03:30<div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-variant: normal; color: rgb(78, 59, 48); text-transform: uppercase; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">سرفصل مطالب:</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:36.0pt;font-family:Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Franklin Gothic Medium&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:+mj-ea; mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;font-variant:normal;color:#4E3B30;mso-color-index: 3;text-transform:uppercase;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:fa"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(240, 162, 46); font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Ò</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">چگونه خود را آماده ورود به بازار کار نمائیم؟</span></span></div><div> <div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="color: rgb(240, 162, 46); font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Ò</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(78, 59, 48); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">نوشتن رزومه کاری</span></span></div> <div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="color: rgb(240, 162, 46); font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Ò</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(78, 59, 48); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">چگونه تقاضای کار کنیم؟</span></span></div> <div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="color: rgb(240, 162, 46); font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Ò</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(78, 59, 48); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">تکنیکهای انجام مصاحبه شغلی</span></span></div> <div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="color: rgb(240, 162, 46); font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Ò</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(78, 59, 48); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">چگونه در کار خود پیشرفت کنیم؟</span></span></div></div><div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(78, 59, 48); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">فايل را مي‌توانيد از لينك زير دانلود كنيد:</span></span></div><div style="language:fa;margin-top:7.68pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:right;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; "><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Presentation.ppt?attredirects=0&amp;d=1">Presentation</a></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-2969876131290930036?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-75840446302306531232010-08-27T19:24:00.004+04:302010-08-27T19:38:14.542+04:30برنامه‌ي Classpad براي ماشين حساب مهندسي Casio 330 مربوط به درس سازه‌هاي فولادي 1<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Casio_Classpad_330_Graphic_Calculator.jpg?attredirects=0&amp;d=1"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 238px; height: 425px;" src="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Casio_Classpad_330_Graphic_Calculator.jpg?attredirects=0&amp;d=1" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;"><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style=";font-family:arial;font-size:small;" ><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/farazm66/home/civil-1/Foolad.rar?attredirects=0&amp;d=1">Foolad1- Classpad</a><br /><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style=";font-family:arial;font-size:small;" ><br />PassWord: www.civil1385.blogspot.com<br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:13px;" ><img src="http://signatures.mylivesignature.com/85719/faraz6/f9ff2a4eaf700922d49b64689135eb4d.png" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(187, 187, 187);" /></span></span></span></div></div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3562399701732581522-7584044630230653123?l=civil1385.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Faraz Masumianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02466474853159736685noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3562399701732581522.post-29972718809941154532010-08-26T13:40:00.005+04:302010-08-26T17:38:29.388+04:30<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.airport-int.com/upload/image_files/news/3009/us_airport_delays_on_the_increase/Airport_Delay.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 250px;" src="http://www.airport-int.com/upload/image_files/news/3009/us_airport_delays_on_the_increase/Airport_Delay.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>نكته: لطفا براي باز كردن اين وبلاگ و خصوصا اين پست از مرورگرهاي FireFox و يا Chrome استفاده كنيد. استفاده از Explorer ممكن است موجب شود بعضي از علامتها به صورت كد نمايش داده شوند. <br />قسمتي از اين مقاله: <br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cfaraz%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" 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mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:20pt;" lang="FA" >تعاریف:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:14pt;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:14pt;" lang="FA" >ظرفیت(</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:14pt;" >Capacity</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:14pt;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>):</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>قابلیت پردازش تسهیلات خدماتی در طول دوره های زمانی تعیین شده .</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >ماکزیمم تعداد عملیات که می تواند در یک ساعت انجام پذیرد(</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" >AC150/5060-5</span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 108pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">§<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >ظرفیت عملی :تعداد عملیات هواپیما ها در یک دوره زمانی خاص با یک میانگین تاخیر قابل قبول<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 108pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">§<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >ظرفیت نهایی (ظرفیت اشباع) : حداکثر تعداد عملیات هواپیما ها در یک دوره زمانی خاص در شرایطی که یک تقاضای پیوسته و مداوم وجود دارد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 108pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">§<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >تفاوت : ظرفیت عملی به تاخیر و الگوی تفاضا وابسته بوده و ظرفیت نهایی خیر.</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 108pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">§<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >ظریف یک فرودگاه به ظرفیت اجزای مختلف آن بستگی دارد . از آنجا که ظرفیت قسمت های مختلف از یکدیگر مستقل است می توانند به صورت جداگانه محاسبه شوند. بدیهی است که ظرفیت کلی فرودگاه مینیمم ظرفیت قسمت های مختلف است.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:14pt;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:14pt;" lang="FA" >تاخیر(</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:14pt;" >Delay</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:14pt;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>):</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>ارائه خدمات دیرتر از زمان مورد انتظار .</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >تفاوت زمانی بین عملیات های تحمیلی و غیر تحمیلی(</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" >AC150/5060-5</span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 108pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">§<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >طبق این تعریف تاخیر یه علت همزمان شدن تقاضا در فرودگاه رخ می دهد.</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 108pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">§<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >میزان قابل قبول تاخیر در فرودگاه های مختلف متفاوت است</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >تقاضا (</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" >Demand</span><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>):</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >حجم عملیات پروازی که باید در یک زمان معیین پوشش داده شود.</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:20pt;" lang="FA" >لزوم تحلیل تاخیر و ظرفیت :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >هدف اولیه مطالعات ظرفیت و تاخیرتعیین راهکارهای موثر و کارا برای کاهش تاخیر و افزایش ظرفیت فرودگاه است.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >عامل بیش از نیمی از تاخیر های بیش از 15 دقیقه شرایط آب و هوایی است . ولی دومین عامل تاخیر حجم ترافیک هوایی در محدوده پایانه است و این عامل رو به افزایش است.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >در بسیاری از سفرهای هوایی تاخیرهای ایجاد شده توسط دسترسی زمینی ، محدوده پایانه و بخش هوایی</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >مزیت سرعت هواپیما را از بین می برد.</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 200%;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL" style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:&quot;;font-size:100%;" lang="FA" >تاخیر در تجزیه و تحلیل سود-هزینه ، عامل مهمی است. صرفه جویی های حاصل از کاهش تاخیر بر اثر افزایش ظرفیت و عملیات بهسازی می توا